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Mathematics | Bergson | Sokal I 206 Mathematics/Bergson/Bricmont/Sokal: SokalVsBergson: we are under the impression that there is a historical connection with a philosophical tradition that puts intuition or subjective knowledge above the mind. >Subjectivity. One of the most brilliant representatives of this way of thinking is undoubtedly Bergson, who advanced this approach to such a degree that he even discussed the theory of relativity with Einstein. Sokal I 207 Theory of Relativity/Bergson/BergsonVsEinstein/SokalVsBergson: Bergson does not really try to identify innovation in the theory of relativity and to possibly derive philosophical conclusions from it; rather, these are established at the beginning and the entire analysis aims to show that the physical theory confirms si(1) Sokal: Bergson has influenced many philosophers, from Jankélévitch and Merleau-Ponty to Deleuze. >Merleau-Ponty, >Deleuze. Sokal I 208 If one considers the effort with which outstanding physicists such as Jean Becquerel, André Metz and Albert Einstein himself tried to explain the theory of relativity to him, ... Bergson can consequently be found to be unaffected by empirical arguments. Sokal I 208 SokalVsBergson: his misconceptions are quite fundamental in nature, but at least he is not spreading false erudition. Principle of relativity/Galilei/Sokal: the principle of relativity was already known to Galileo in 1632. Sokal I 211 BergsonVsEinstein: Bergson insisted that "it is irrelevant whether a motion is steady or accelerated: both systems are equal to each other, (Bergson 1922/1968(1) p. 198). Bergson: ... now, if every (also accelerated) motion is relative ... he is free to define what he wants ..." SokalVsBergson: at this point, Bergson confuses two things: the description of a motion (kinematics) and the laws to which Sokal I 209 this movement is subject to (dynamics). >Motion, >Natural Laws, >Physics. It is probably correct, at least for Newtonian kinematics, that the transformation formulas between two reference systems are completely reciprocal, even if both systems are in accelerated motion relative to each other. However, this in no way implies that the laws of dynamics are the same with respect to the two systems. Bergson's train of thought (p. 197) is based on a fundamental confusion of a reference system (e.g. a train in accelerated motion) and the motion of objects (e.g. balls lying on the ground in the moving train) with respect to this reference system. For the correct use of the concepts of physics see >Sokal. and >Feynman. 1. H. Bergson, Durée et simultanéité. Propos de la théorie d'Einstein, Paris, 1922/1968. |
Bergs I Henri Bergson Durée et Simultanéité. À propos de la théorie d’Einstein, Paris 1922 German Edition: Dauer und Gleichzeitigkeit: Über Einsteins Relativitätstheorie Hamburg 2014 Sokal I Alan Sokal Jean Bricmont Fashionabel Nonsense. Postmodern Intellectuals Abuse of Science, New York 1998 German Edition: Eleganter Unsinn. Wie die Denker der Postmoderne die Wissenschaften missbrauchen München 1999 Sokal II Alan Sokal Fashionable Nonsense: Postmodern Intellectuals’ Abuse of Science New York 1999 |
Relevance | Einstein | Genz II 314 Understanding/Einstein/Genz: (Interview with "The Listener"): "I would like to know how God created the world. The details are not very interesting." PauliVsEinstein: "Then I can paint like Rembrandt, only the details are missing." |
Gz I H. Genz Gedankenexperimente Weinheim 1999 Gz II Henning Genz Wie die Naturgesetze Wirklichkeit schaffen. Über Physik und Realität München 2002 |
Theory of Relativity | Bergson | Sokal I 218 Theory of Relativity/Bergson/Bricmont/Sokal: (H. Bergson 1922(1968)(1): BergsonVsEinstein: Bergson simply rejects the prediction of the twin paradox. SokalVsBergson: Bergson complicates matters by making a distinction between biological "clocks", especially those with a conscious mind(such as humans) and non-biological clocks. Sokal I 220 SokalVsBergson: Bergson falsely claims that the two observers are interchangeable. The traveller has to endure three acceleration (and deceleration) manoeuvres, while his twin is spared. >Theory of Relativity/Feynman. Another mistake is to assume that the twin paradox can be derived from the general theory of relativity. This error can even be found in some physics literature. Sokal I 221 SokalVsBergson: his mistake is a twofold one: a) he is too "relativistic" because he wrongly assumes that the two observers are interchangeable b) he is not "relativistic" enough because he refuses to grant the same objectivity to the times measured by each observer. For the correct use of the concepts of physics see >Sokal. and >Feynman. 1. H. Bergson, Durée et simultanéité. Propos de la théorie d'Einstein, Paris, 1922/1968. |
Bergs I Henri Bergson Durée et Simultanéité. À propos de la théorie d’Einstein, Paris 1922 German Edition: Dauer und Gleichzeitigkeit: Über Einsteins Relativitätstheorie Hamburg 2014 Sokal I Alan Sokal Jean Bricmont Fashionabel Nonsense. Postmodern Intellectuals Abuse of Science, New York 1998 German Edition: Eleganter Unsinn. Wie die Denker der Postmoderne die Wissenschaften missbrauchen München 1999 Sokal II Alan Sokal Fashionable Nonsense: Postmodern Intellectuals’ Abuse of Science New York 1999 |
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Bohr, N. | Einstein Vs Bohr, N. | J. Gribbin Auf der Suche nach Schrödingers Kätzchen, München, Zürich 1991 VII 195 EinsteinVsBohr/VsCopenhague Interpretation: Example: clock in a box that also contains radiation. The box now opens at an exact time determined by the clock and lets out a photon. Then the box is measured. Since the photon has no rest mass, but energy, one can thus measure time and energy exactly! VII 196 BohrVsEinstein: the clock is suspended from a spring (for damping) but now the movement of the clock depends on the height above the center of gravity. The escape of the photon causes the spring to move. VII 197 1. because of the weight change of the box, 2. because of the recoil! So the place is no longer fixable and also not the accuracy of the clock. (Einstein's own arguments from the relativity theory). One could fix the box, but then it would be impossible to measure the change in mass. VII 198 Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen/EPRVsBohr: the Copenhague interpretation is incomplete. There really is something like a clockwork in the universe. The world of particles is the objective reality, even if you do not observe it. VII 199 For example, if two correlated particles fly apart, the other should not be disturbed when measuring one. This would allow us to measure both the location and the momentum of the distant particle against the uncertainty relation. Otherwise we would have to assume a "distant effect". Einstein: anything else would not be a "reasonable interpretation of reality". There was actually agreement on that, but not on what a "reasonable interpretation of reality" actually was! Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen failed. Later proved by the experiment of Alain Aspect, 1982. |
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Einstein, A. | Verschiedene Vs Einstein, A. | Esfeld I 283 Hidden Parameters/David Bohm/Esfeld: best elaborated theory of hidden parameters. But compatible with holism. Although Bohm does not take a deterministic view of the world, his alternative to conventional quantum mechanics (QM) is deterministic. Thesis: a quantum system (QS) always has a definite value of place. This value is the hidden parameter. Each quantum system therefore has a definite orbit that is causally determined. The behavior of the quantum system in the measurement is also causally determined. "Causal interpretation of quantum system". Apart from the location, all other observables are context-dependent. Regardless of the context of the measurement, the particle (Quantum System) has only a potential value of the observable. Measurement/Bohm: updates the properties. E.g. the spin is acquired. Properties/Quantum System/Bohm: should therefore be regarded as dispositional. (>Disposition). Independent of hidden parameters. I 284 Quantum Mechanics/Bohm: Thesis: there is a potential or quantum field. It determines the path of a quantum system causally. The quantum potential (QP) is non-local. BohmVsEinstein: in contrast to the classic potential, the quantum potential does not need to become smaller with the spatial distance! Bohm/Esfeld: violates the parameters independence (PI), while the conventional quantum mechanics violates the result independence (RI). Quantum Potential: is a new kind of interaction (force), non-local interaction. So a violation of the local effect. I 285 Bohm/Esfeld: is this a rich holism? The quantum potential cannot be described in terms of pre-existing relationships between particles. It is not determined by the locations of the particles alone. It is therefore not sufficient for a philosophical locality condition such as Hume's supervenience (Lewis, see below). on the other hand, Bohm identifies non-locality with indivisible wholeness and not separability. Bohm ignores the distinction between non-separability and violating the local effect. With the quantum potential, he introduces a new, non-local effect. However, non-local interaction is not holism! Holism/Bohm/Esfeld: in relation to holism, Bohm is at least ambiguous. Hennig Genz Gedankenexperimente, Weinheim 1999 VIII 176 Clock-Experiment/BohrVsEinstein: 1. No completely rigid arrangement can serve as a scale. In general, every measuring instrument must be able to react to changes in the measured variable. This makes it an object which itself is subject to the uncertainty relation quantum mechanics.(> Measuring). 2. Each weighing (measurement) takes time. The more accurate it should be, the more time is needed. N.B.: it is precisely the general relativity theory that Einstein refutes: the longer the measurement takes and the greater the variation in height of the system, the less precisely it determines the time at which the photon escaped. |
Es I M. Esfeld Holismus Frankfurt/M 2002 |
Einstein, A. | Feynman Vs Einstein, A. | I 189 Gravitation Theory/Einstein: Thesis: accelerations are an imitation of gravity. Acceleration forces are pseudo-forces, they cannot be distinguished from gravitation. It is impossible to specify what portion stems from gravitation and which from the pseudo-forces. VsEinstein: the antipodes are not accelerated! EinsteinVsVs: Gravitation as a pseudo-force may only be considered at one point in each case. This leads to non-Euclidean geometry. |
Feynman I Richard Feynman The Feynman Lectures on Physics. Vol. I, Mainly Mechanics, Radiation, and Heat, California Institute of Technology 1963 German Edition: Vorlesungen über Physik I München 2001 Feynman II R. Feynman The Character of Physical Law, Cambridge, MA/London 1967 German Edition: Vom Wesen physikalischer Gesetze München 1993 |
Einstein, A. | Milne Vs Einstein, A. | Kanitscheider I 214 MilneVsEinstein: Nachteil, dass die Gravitationstheorie nicht ein einziges Modell, sondern viele zulässt. Das zeigt einen falschen Ansatz der relativistischen Physik, der auf der Extrapolation der Laborphysik beruht. I 215 Milne: These: wir sollten nicht von lokalen Gesetzen ausgehen und dann nach den Randbedingungen fragen, sondern von der Welt im Großen ausgehen und die lokalen Gesetze deduktiv gewinnen. (s.u.). Bei Milne tragen viele Züge der Welt Notwendigkeitscharakter. (Erschaffung der Welt!). EinsteinVsMilne/Kanitscheider: würde sagen, dass nicht einzusehen ist, warum die von der lokalen Physik bewährte Methodologie scheitern soll, wonach der Theoretiker immer eine Vielzahl von möglichen Systemen entwirft, und dann eine Auswahl trifft. Kanitscheider: letztlich ist Milne leichter falsifizierbar, weil man bei Einstein immer noch andere Modelle in petto hat, nach anderen Lösungen der Feldgleichungen. |
Kanitsch I B. Kanitscheider Kosmologie Stuttgart 1991 Kanitsch II B. Kanitscheider Im Innern der Natur Darmstadt 1996 |
Einstein, A. | Bell Vs Einstein, A. | Henning Genz Gedankenexperimente, Weinheim 1999 VIII 88 BellVsEinstein/Information/Theorem/Genz: proved by him in 1964: perhaps something must occur faster than light, but certainly Einstein's concept of separation of space and time has to be abandoned by the speed of light. Example Suppose you flipped a coin and I was able to make it do an additional spin. You'll never know this, though, because you would not know whether the "original" result that would have been heads or tails. And I would not know it for the same reason, I would not know that I had the strength. ((s) in a particular case). |
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Quantum Mechanics | Einstein Vs Quantum Mechanics | Esfeld I 256 Incompleteness/Quantum Mechanics/QM/EinsteinVsQuantum Mechanics: For example, suppose two electrons are emitted from one source and move away with opposite spin in opposite directions. Overall state: singlet state. Einstein/Podolsky/Rosen/EPR: if the result of a measurement of the location or momentum of one system is given, then we can predict with certainty the result of the measurement of the same observables of the other system. (without intervention) I 257 Consequence: the quantum mechanics is incomplete. There is therefore an element of reality that corresponds to this physical quantity regardless of whether the second measurement is actually performed. This exists before the first measurement. The quantum mechanics is incomplete because it makes everything dependent on the measurement and therefore does not recognize this element. To justify this one needs the two principles of separability and local effect. Local Effect: to exclude that there is an interaction between the measurement on the first system and the reality on the second system. Separability: to exclude that the determination of the local properties depends on something other than the state the system is in. Einstein-Podolsky-RosenVsQuantum Mechanics: further conclusion: quantum systems simultaneously have a definite numerical value of two or more incompatible observables. I 258 For example, an experimenter only decides clearly after the emission which observable he wants to measure. Separability and local effect imply that this decision is irrelevant. Nevertheless, once the decision has been made, we can predict the value of the corresponding observable for the other system. Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen: therefore the two systems must have a definite value of all observables between which the experimenter can choose. Einstein did not consider this conclusion to be self-evident because it is based on the assumption of separability and the local effect. I 271/272 Metaphysics/Science/Esfeld: Separability and local effect are metaphysical principles in the sense that they are a precise formulation of assumptions that are at the center of our everyday view of nature. I 271/272 The question of whether quantum mechanics is complete also seems to be a metaphysical question. It depends on whether we underline separability and local effect as the foundation of science. Bell's inequality/Bell/Esfeld: Bell has eliminated the seemingly clear distinction between physics and metaphysics! Metaphysics: Einstein's realism shows that metaphysics has predictable consequences that can be tested. "Experimental Metaphysics"/Shimony: (Ferdinand Gonseth, 1948, Michele Besso, 1948): are similar to Quine's position: rejection of the separation between mathematics, science, and philosophy. Every element of our knowledge can be subject to revision. I 273 Thesis: metaphysical questions cannot be decided by experiments! On the contrary: EinsteinVsQuantum Mechanics must be understood in the sense of the Quine-Duhem-Thesis: no separation between metaphysics and physics in quantum mechanics. For example, Bell's experiments can be seen as a test of two hypotheses, namely the conjunction of parameter independence and result independence. But the point is: what you think is what the Bell experiments confirm or disprove depends on what background assumptions you base yourself on. Hennig Genz Gedankenexperimente, Weinheim 1999 VIII 216 Einstein-Podolsky-RosenVsQuantum Mechanics/EPRVsQM/Genz: incompleteness of Quantum Mechanics: Spin has an element of reality. Since quantum mechanics can only consider one of these elements of reality, it is incomplete. Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen Argument/Version Bohm: For example, a part of it rests in the laboratory and decays in a time interval into an electron and a positron. (There is no such thing, but it does not matter). (In the real experiment (Aspect) photons were assumed). If Gretel detects the electron, she can be sure that Hänsel has the positron. From a quantum mechanical point of view, the particle pair is a single system. VIII 216 The angular momentum of the particle decaying in its resting system is zero, since the conservation law applies to the angular momentum, it is also zero for the decay products. If, however, only the spins of the particles contribute to their total angular momentum, the law of conservation becomes a conservation law for the sum of the spins. Consequently, the two spins remain coupled. But now the coupling of the spins to the total spin zero guarantees more: that the sum of the settings of the spins in any direction is zero. If the total spin were not zero, it could be that it is zero in x direction, but not in y direction. VIII 217 Example Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen/Bohm: Problem: Gretel can align her star Gerlach apparatus as she wants. The alignment of the device determines which component of the spin of the entering particle should have a "sharp" value with spin 1/2. Hänsel and Gretel choose directions for x or y (perpendicular to the direction of propagation z). Since the two particles fly apart, the chirality is different! Both now want to measure "transversal" spins perpendicular to the extension. VIII 218 Gretel: measures in x direction plus or minus. If she turns the apparatus by 90°, she measures in y direction, again plus or minus. N.B.: Hänsel always measures the opposite. If Gretel has the apparatus in the same direction as Hänsel, she measures the opposite of his spin. If she now turns it in y direction, she has to measure the opposite again, even if Hänsel has not turned his apparatus. Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen: now claim that Gretel can use it to determine Hänsel's spin in both the x and y directions without disturbing Hänsel's positron in any way. Quantum MechanicsVsEinstein-Podolsky-Rosen: actually it is not the case according to quantum mechanics. Before the measurement it is pointless to speak of a state at all. VIII 219 Bertlmann's Socks/Genz: are not particularly exciting. Corresponds to the "glove correlation": if I find one, I know that I have lost the other. VIII 220 Quantum MechanicsVsEinstein-Podolsky-Rosen: also the spin operators of the positron do not exchange with each other, but a statement about the "sum" is valid: σxσy - σyσx = 2iσz. Translated into the formalism of quantum mechanics, the conclusion of Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen is that the state | > of the positron must be both an eigenstate of σx and of σy for certain eigenvalues mx and my. But the quantum mechanics does not know such a state! Unlike the product of operators, the product of eigenvalues is independent of the order! 0 = (mxmy - mymx) | ψ > = (σxσy - σyσx) | ψ > = 2iσz | ψ >, so that | ψ > of σz would have to be destroyed (σy | ψ > = 0). But because σz, just like σx, and σy can have only 1 and -1 but not 0 as eigenvalue, there can be no such state! But the contradiction is one between the formalism of quantum mechanics and the demands of Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen and none with experimentally verifiable statements. |
Es I M. Esfeld Holismus Frankfurt/M 2002 |
Various Authors | Maturana Vs Various Authors | I 218 Theory / Einstein: free creations of the mind. For him it was a paradox: "How can we still understand the universe using such theories?" - MaturanaVsEinstein: There is no such paradox: instead objectivity in parentheses. |
Maturana I Umberto Maturana Biologie der Realität Frankfurt 2000 |
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