Philosophy Dictionary of ArgumentsHome
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| Syntagma: A syntagma refers to a meaningful linguistic unit composed of words that function together as a single element in a sentence, such as a phrase or clause. See also Grammar, Sentences, Clauses, Words, Word meaning, Sentence meaning, Meaning, Subsententials, Syntax, Semantics._____________Annotation: The above characterizations of concepts are neither definitions nor exhausting presentations of problems related to them. Instead, they are intended to give a short introduction to the contributions below. – Lexicon of Arguments. | |||
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John Lyons on Syntagma - Dictionary of Arguments
I 75 Def Paradigmatic/Linguistics/Lyons: in paradigmatic relation there are two linguistic units to those that can occur in the same context. >Context/Lyons. Def Syntagmatic/Linguistics/Lyons: in syntagmatic relation there are two linguistic units to those that occur simultaneously with them in the same context. ((s) Words of other grammatical function e.g. adjective, noun, verb are in syntagmatic relation to each other). Syntagma: Unit of several words e.g. predicate = verb + noun, e.g. subject = article + noun. I 76 Syntagmatic/paradigmatic: can be different relations, depending on whether "possible occurrence" is limited to meaningful contexts or limited to certain utterances. >Acceptability. Content/meaning/grammar/semantics/Lyons: the distinction syntagmatic/paradigmatic allows us to distinguish between grammatical and meaningful sentences without speaking of "semantic" units (meaning). I 76 Syntagmatic/paradigmatic/Lyons: it is pointless to look at linguistic units separately from syntagmatic and paradigmatic relationships. I 77 Structuralism: this is a formulation of the structuralist principle that each linguistic unit occupies a certain place within a system of relationships. You cannot define the elements first and then the possible combinations. The elements are determined by simultaneously taking into account their syntagmatic and paradigmatic relationships. I 82 Syntagmatic/Length/Linguistics/Lyons: if a set of units is to be characterized according to how it is composed of elements of "lower" levels, the following rule applies: Length: measured at the higher level by the number of elements in syntagmatic relation within the complex in which they are located, is inversely proportional to the number of elements within the complex in a paradigmatic contrast relation. Example 1. System two elements: 0,1 2. System: Eight elements: 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7 all combinations are allowed. If eight "phonological" words are to be distinguished within the first (binary) system, each will be at least three elements long: 000, 001, 010, 011, 100, 110, 111 ((s) The system has only two expression elements, i.e. sounds or (here) characters, but there are different composition options. 1st level: characters, 2nd level: resulting shapes). Second system: here each of the eight possible occurrences is represented with a single character. Example: 65 words are to be reproduced: then at least six elements are necessary in the binary system, in the figure of eight system complexes of at least two elements. General: logical form: N = p1 x p2 x ...x pm. m: number of paradigmatic contrast positions for the elements of the lower level, p1: number of elements with paradigmatic contrast ratio in the first position... This does not require the same elements to occur in all positions, I 83 nor that the number is the same in all positions. More generally: 2 x 2 x 2 = 8, 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 = 16 and so forth. And 8 = 8, 8 x 8 = 64, 8 x 8 x 8 = 512 and so forth. This shows the connection between paradigmatic contrast and syntagmatic length. >Terminology/Lyons. The minimum length of our binary words is three times the length of our octal words. Semantics: we will return later to the general principle that distinctions can be made either syntagmatically or paradigmatically. Def "length"; length is defined here by the number of paradigmatic contrast positions in a syntagmatic complex._____________Explanation of symbols: Roman numerals indicate the source, arabic numerals indicate the page number. The corresponding books are indicated on the right hand side. ((s)…): Comment by the sender of the contribution. Translations: Dictionary of Arguments The note [Concept/Author], [Author1]Vs[Author2] or [Author]Vs[term] resp. "problem:"/"solution:", "old:"/"new:" and "thesis:" is an addition from the Dictionary of Arguments. If a German edition is specified, the page numbers refer to this edition. |
Ly II John Lyons Semantics Cambridge, MA 1977 Lyons I John Lyons Introduction to Theoretical Lingustics, Cambridge/MA 1968 German Edition: Einführung in die moderne Linguistik München 1995 |
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Ed. Martin Schulz, access date 2024-04-16