Philosophy Dictionary of ArgumentsHome
| |||
|
| |||
| Functions: I. A function in mathematics is a relation between a set of inputs and a set of outputs, where each input is related to exactly one output. The set of inputs is called the domain of the function. Functions can be represented by formulas, graphs, or tables. For example, the function f(x) = x^2 is represented by the formula y = x^2, which takes any number as input and returns its square as output. The graph of this function is a parabola.
II. In psychology, functions refer to the various mental processes and behaviors that enable individuals to adapt and interact effectively with their environment. These include cognitive functions like perception, memory, and reasoning, as well as emotional and social functions like regulating emotions, forming relationships, and making decisions._____________Annotation: The above characterizations of concepts are neither definitions nor exhausting presentations of problems related to them. Instead, they are intended to give a short introduction to the contributions below. – Lexicon of Arguments. | |||
| Author | Concept | Summary/Quotes | Sources |
|---|---|---|---|
|
John Lyons on Functions - Dictionary of Arguments
I 84 Def Functional load/Linguistics/Lyons: For example, many words can be distinguished by the opposition of /p/ and /b/. Therefore, the contrast between these two elements has a high functional load. If only a few words are distinguished by an opposition e.g. wreath and wreathe the functional load is low. Position: depending on the position in the word, the functional load of a certain given contrast can be different. For example, two elements can often contrast at the beginning but rarely at the end of a word. I 85 Importance: of contrast: also depends on whether the words themselves appear in the same context and can contrast or not. Functional load = 0: For example, if A and B are two word classes with complementary distribution and each element of class A differs in its realization from an element of B only in that it has /a/ where the corresponding word of class B has /b/, then the functional load of the contrast between /a/ and /b/ = 0. Functional load: must therefore be calculated for words that have the same or overlapping distribution. Furthermore, not only the grammar (distribution) must be taken into account, but also the quantity of the actual statements made. Importance: of a contrast: also depends on the absolute frequency of occurrence. This shows how difficult it is to accurately measure the functional load. Cf. >Relevance. I 86 However, it should have an importance for us both in synchronic and in diachronic description. >Synchronic, >Diachronic. I 235 Function/Grammar/Tradition/Lyons: old: it is said that "in Vancouver" and "there" have the same function. Function/Tradition: e.g. noun, verb, adverb etc. >Distribution/Lyons, >Grammar, cf. >Generative grammar, >Universal grammar, >Transformational grammar, >Categorial grammar. New: in modern grammar we speak of distribution instead of function. Endocentric/exocentric/Tradition/Lyons: the tradition did not make this distinction. Distribution/Lyons: of course the distribution of the constituents never exactly matches the distribution of the whole construction, but that does not matter. It is only a matter of statements whose acceptability is explained by the grammatical description of the language. I 236 Same distribution/Lyons: when we say that two nouns have exactly the same distribution, we mean that they have the same classification at the lowest level that the grammar reaches. So if it's only about nouns, they (and thus all nominal sentences) have the same distribution! ((s) Each sentence can be grammatically added at one point, because it is independent. Or each noun can be grammatically replaced by another (not in content). Level/Distribution: at a lower level two nouns may have different distribution e.g. one is "animate" the other "inanimate". Endocentric/exocentric: this classification therefore depends on the depth of the subclassification._____________Explanation of symbols: Roman numerals indicate the source, arabic numerals indicate the page number. The corresponding books are indicated on the right hand side. ((s)…): Comment by the sender of the contribution. Translations: Dictionary of Arguments The note [Concept/Author], [Author1]Vs[Author2] or [Author]Vs[term] resp. "problem:"/"solution:", "old:"/"new:" and "thesis:" is an addition from the Dictionary of Arguments. If a German edition is specified, the page numbers refer to this edition. |
Ly II John Lyons Semantics Cambridge, MA 1977 Lyons I John Lyons Introduction to Theoretical Lingustics, Cambridge/MA 1968 German Edition: Einführung in die moderne Linguistik München 1995 |
||
Ed. Martin Schulz, access date 2024-04-20