Philosophy Lexicon of Arguments
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Learning: learning is acquiring the ability to establish relationships between signs, symptoms or symbols and objects. This also includes e.g. recognition and recollection of patterns, similarities, sensory perceptions, self-perception, etc. In the ideal case, the ability to apply generalizations to future cases is acquired while learning. See also knowledge, knowledge-how, competence. _____________ Annotation: The above characterizations of concepts are neither definitions nor exhausting presentations of problems related to them. Instead, they are intended to give a short introduction to the contributions below. – Lexicon of Arguments.
Author	Item	Excerpt	Meta data
Maturana, H.   Books on Amazon	Learning	I 63 Learning/Maturana: historical transformation of an organism through experience - serves the basal circularity - new behavior evolves - for an observer, behavior by incorporating a representation seems justified that modifies behavior by memory - but the system operates in the present - advantageousness can only be determined a posteriori. --- I 70 Allowes purely consensual (cultural) evolution without evolution of the nervous system. --- I 73 Learning/Maturana: behavioral change must be accompanied by other changes. --- I 74 Not accumulation of representations but continuous transformation of behavior. --- I 119 Learning/instinctive behavior/Maturana. initially indistinguishable, because they are determined in the concrete realization by the structures of the nervous system - Learning: acquired ontogenetically - instinct: acquired evolutionary. --- I 119 Learning/Maturana: does not change the structure - acquisition of representations: only metaphorically - (would presuppose instructive system) - a learning system has no trivial experiences (interactions), because all interactions lead to structural changes. --- I 280 Learning/Maturana: described in brackets: pure epigenetic process (development of the individual) - no directed process of adaptation to a reality. _____________ Explanation of symbols: Roman numerals indicate the source, arabic numerals indicate the page number. The corresponding books are indicated on the right hand side. ((s)…): Comment by the sender of the contribution.	Mat I U. Maturana Biologie der Realität Frankfurt 2000

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Ed. Martin Schulz, access date 2017-06-29