Philosophy Dictionary of ArgumentsHome
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| Stages of development: in psychology, development stages are infancy (0-2 years), early childhood (2-6), middle childhood (6-12), adolescence (12-18). The theory of Erik Erikson counts 8 stages, e.g., trust vs. mistrust, autonomy, identity). Jean Piaget's theory has 4 stages (sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete & formal operational) describing how thinking abilities progress in childhood. See also Developmental psychology, J. Piaget, E. Erikson._____________Annotation: The above characterizations of concepts are neither definitions nor exhausting presentations of problems related to them. Instead, they are intended to give a short introduction to the contributions below. – Lexicon of Arguments. | |||
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Adam Smith on Stages of Development - Dictionary of Arguments
Otteson I 15 Stages of Development/Adam Smith/Otteson: When we are young, our first step in becoming morally mature is to ask ourselves how other people around us will perceive our conduct—what we do and don’t do, what we say and don’t say, and so on. On the basis of our past experience, we develop the ability to predict how others will react to, respond to, or judge future cases. The more experience we have, the better our predictions get. But one experience all of us inevitably have is being misjudged by others. >Judgments/Adam Smith. Perhaps they do not know the full circumstances of our situation, or perhaps they do not even bother to try to put themselves in our shoes. In those cases we do not achieve a mutual sympathy of sentiments - we have instead an “antipathy” of moral sentiments - and this is emotionally displeasing. >Emotion. It is like the case where we told a joke to our friends that we thought was funny but no one else laughed. That awkwardness creates an unpleasant feeling in us, which helps us hone our judgment for the future. But when we are misjudged, we sometimes believe that if people just knew the full story, or took the time to consider our situation fully, they would sympathize with our moral sentiments - even if, in actual fact, they did not sympathize. >Sympathy/Adam Smith. Intersubjectivity: Such unpleasant experiences lead us, Smith thinks, to consider not how actual spectators to our conduct judge us - spectators who, after all, are often biased, uninformed, or simply otherwise occupied - but instead to ask ourselves how a fully informed and impartial spectator, were such a person present, would judge us. This is the perspective of the “impartial spectator.” The fully morally mature person, Smith thinks, will judge himself by this imaginary and idealized perspective, which will give us more reliable guidance than the often biased actual spectators around us will. >Ideal observer/Adam Smith, >Impartiality, >Morals, >Ethics._____________Explanation of symbols: Roman numerals indicate the source, arabic numerals indicate the page number. The corresponding books are indicated on the right hand side. ((s)…): Comment by the sender of the contribution. Translations: Dictionary of Arguments The note [Concept/Author], [Author1]Vs[Author2] or [Author]Vs[term] resp. "problem:"/"solution:", "old:"/"new:" and "thesis:" is an addition from the Dictionary of Arguments. If a German edition is specified, the page numbers refer to this edition. |
EconSmith I Adam Smith The Theory of Moral Sentiments London 2010 EconSmithV I Vernon L. Smith Rationality in Economics: Constructivist and Ecological Forms Cambridge 2009 Otteson I James R. Otteson The Essential Adam Smith Vancouver: Fraser Institute. 2018 |
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> Counter arguments against Smith
> Counter arguments in relation to Stages of Development
