Philosophy Dictionary of ArgumentsHome
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| Variation: Variation in evolution refers to the differences in traits among individuals of a population. These variations can be caused by genetic factors, environmental factors, or a combination of both. Variation is essential for evolution because it provides the raw material for natural selection to act upon. See also Evolution, Mutation, Selection, Darwinism._____________Annotation: The above characterizations of concepts are neither definitions nor exhausting presentations of problems related to them. Instead, they are intended to give a short introduction to the contributions below. – Lexicon of Arguments. | |||
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John Lyons on Variation - Dictionary of Arguments
I 74 Def Free Variation/Linguistics/Lyons: Units that can occur in a certain context without contrasting with each other are in free variation. Example contrast: the vowels in leap and get (e.g. bet and beat) I 75 Example Free Variation: the vowels in the possible pronunciations of economics: ((s) namely [e] and [i]. Free variation: is functional equivalence in context. N.B.: it should not be confused with distribution equivalence. >Function/Lyons, >Distribution/Lyons. What is to be understood by free variation and contrast depends on the type of unit. I 75 Def Contrast/Linguistics/Lyons: two elements of expression are in contrast when the substitution of one by the other creates another word or sentence in the same context. >Terminology/Lyons. Def Free Variation/Linguistics/Lyons: there are two expression elements in free variation, if the substitution of one by the other does not produce another word or sentence in the same context. Contrast/free variations/Lyons: are only interpreted distributionally if words are considered with regard to their grammatical function (noun, verb, adjective, etc.). Free variation/semantics/Lyons: here free variation is usually referred to as "synonymy". >Synonymy/Lyons. I 117 Free variation/Phonology/Lyons: it is possible that two phonetic units occur in the same environment without contrasting, i.e. not another word results, but a different pronunciation of the same word. (see free variation above: instead of contrast). >Phonemes._____________Explanation of symbols: Roman numerals indicate the source, arabic numerals indicate the page number. The corresponding books are indicated on the right hand side. ((s)…): Comment by the sender of the contribution. Translations: Dictionary of Arguments The note [Concept/Author], [Author1]Vs[Author2] or [Author]Vs[term] resp. "problem:"/"solution:", "old:"/"new:" and "thesis:" is an addition from the Dictionary of Arguments. If a German edition is specified, the page numbers refer to this edition. |
Ly II John Lyons Semantics Cambridge, MA 1977 Lyons I John Lyons Introduction to Theoretical Lingustics, Cambridge/MA 1968 German Edition: Einführung in die moderne Linguistik München 1995 |
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Ed. Martin Schulz, access date 2024-04-19