Psychology Dictionary of Arguments

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Knowledge: Knowledge is the awareness or understanding of something. It can be acquired through experience, or education. Knowledge can be factual, procedural, or conceptual. See also Propositional knowledge, Knowledge how.
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Annotation: The above characterizations of concepts are neither definitions nor exhausting presentations of problems related to them. Instead, they are intended to give a short introduction to the contributions below. – Lexicon of Arguments.

 
Author Concept Summary/Quotes Sources

Jaakko Hintikka on Knowledge - Dictionary of Arguments

II 17
Def Knowledge/Hintikka: knowledge is that what enables the knowing person to concentrate on the subset W1 of the set of all worlds W.
>Possible worlds
.
W1: W1 is then relative not only to the knowing person b, but also relative to the scenario w0 ε W.
Def b knows that S iff. S is true in all epistemic b alternatives.
Reflexivity/transitivity/knowledge/Hintikka: we must assume here: if b can exclude all scenarios in W-W1, he/she can in fact exclude the assertion that he/she is not in such a position.
II 29
Knowledge/game theory/Hintikka: typical example for the acquisition of knowledge: cheating husbands or wise men. This is about the fact that the decisions of the players depend on the respective level of knowledge, and of what one expects the other knows.
>Game theory.
Game Theory/game-theoretical/Hintikka:
"Inquirer": the inquirer asks questions.
Nature/oracle/opponent: the nature or opponent is the source of information.
Answer: an answer can be used by the inquirer as a premise to derive a conclusion: C. This can only be about the question "C or not C".
Premise/T: the premise can be a fixed initial premise (the "theoretical premise").
Final Rules: final rules can be limited to those that fulfill the subformula principle.
Question Game: we call this an "interrogative game".
Advantage: the game theory allows us to investigate cognitive strategies, not just static cognitive situations.
Nature: the "oracle" can literally be nature. The answers can be given by scientific experiments.
II 30
Restrictions: restrictions arise from the logical form, in particular the logical complexity, e.g. the prefix structure of the quantifiers for possible answers.
E.g.
Sensory Perception/perception/Hintikka: perception can only answer yes-no questions. This corresponds to atomic sentences for logicians.
Experiment: an experiment, on the other hand, can provide responses that encode functional dependencies ((s) represent).
Prefix/logical form/experiment/Hintikka: the answer to an experiment must have a structure with a prefix "∀∃":
„(x)(∃y)“.
This can be extended: ∀∃∀ ...
Science Theory/Hintikka: this structure is extremely important for the philosophy of the sciences.
II 31
Knowledge/logical form/Hintikka: it is very important that we have different kinds of knowledge.
For example, implicit knowledge must be treated in the model of a sub-oracle.
>Knowledge, >Propositional knowledge, >Knowing how.
Knowledge/Hintikka: but neither implicit nor active knowledge obeys the epistemic logic!
Completedness: it is neither completed with respect to logical reasoning nor completed when the relation of the logical inference is restricted.
Knowledge Logic/Hintikka: we need a different logic of knowledge than the epistemic logic.
Definition Knowledge/game-theoretical/game theory/Hintikka: the knowledge of the inquirer consists of all the conclusions C, which he/she can find out in the questioning process.
Definition Virtual Knowledge/game theory/Hintikka: ditto, except that the inquirer is not allowed to introduce additional individuals here.
II 151
Knowledge-who/identity/psychology/psychiatry/Hintikka: there are interesting examples here. One must be able to recognize oneself as the same in different situations.
>Self-knowledge, >Self-identification.

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Explanation of symbols: Roman numerals indicate the source, arabic numerals indicate the page number. The corresponding books are indicated on the right hand side. ((s)…): Comment by the sender of the contribution. Translations: Dictionary of Arguments
The note [Concept/Author], [Author1]Vs[Author2] or [Author]Vs[term] resp. "problem:"/"solution:", "old:"/"new:" and "thesis:" is an addition from the Dictionary of Arguments. If a German edition is specified, the page numbers refer to this edition.

Hintikka I
Jaakko Hintikka
Merrill B. Hintikka
Investigating Wittgenstein
German Edition:
Untersuchungen zu Wittgenstein Frankfurt 1996

Hintikka II
Jaakko Hintikka
Merrill B. Hintikka
The Logic of Epistemology and the Epistemology of Logic Dordrecht 1989


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