Psychology Dictionary of ArgumentsHome | |||
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Rules, philosophy: rules are restrictions of a domain of possibilities for subjects, communities or functionaries, or generally for acting individuals or groups. Rules may be implicit or explicit, and may be implemented by ordinance or by jointly developing equally authorized participants, e.g. in a discourse. In another sense, rules can be understood as actual regularities that can be discovered by observation. These rules can be discovered not only in action, but also in the nature of objects such as linguistic structures. See also norms, values, rule following, private language, language rules, discourse, ethics, morality, cognitivism, intuitionism, society, practice._____________Annotation: The above characterizations of concepts are neither definitions nor exhausting presentations of problems related to them. Instead, they are intended to give a short introduction to the contributions below. – Lexicon of Arguments. | |||
Author | Concept | Summary/Quotes | Sources |
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Noam Chomsky on Rules - Dictionary of Arguments
Lyons I 259 Phrase structure rules/PS-Rules/Chomsky: (N. Chomsky, Syntactic Structures, Berlin, New York 1957): (1) S > NP + VP (2) VP > Verb + NP (3) NP > NP sing or NP plur (4) NP sing > T * N + 0 (null) (5) NP plur > T + N + s (6) Verb > Aux + V (7) Aux > C(M) (have + en) (be + ing) (M = auxiliary) I 260 Lexical substitution/Lyons: we have ignored it here, but instead Lexicon/Chomsky: Example T = {the} N = {man, ball,…} V = {hit, take, walk, read,…} M = {will, can, shall, must} Rule (7): develops Aux into a chain with up to four elements. Of these, C is obligatory, (his task to regulate congruence relations is interpreted by a transformation rule). The other rules on the right side of (7) are optional. Each element is independent of the other two. The output of rule (7) will therefore contain one of the following eight chains (in Aux's position in the output of rule (6)): (1) C (2) C + M (3) C + have + en (4) C + be + ing (5) C + M + have + en (6) C + M + be + ing (7) C + have + en + be + ing (8) C + M + have + en + be + ing Definition Core Chain/Transformational Grammar/Chomsky/Lyons: this is the output of phrase structure rules (kernel string). Definition core sentence/kernel sentence: is any sentence created from a single core chain without the use of any optional transformations. Transformation rules/Chomsky: no sentence is created without applying at least a limited number of mandatory T-rules. It is wrong (how often assumed) that core sentences would be generated by phrase structure rules alone. I 264 T-rules/Chomsky/Lyons: are heterogeneous. The construction of a partial transformational grammar for a language itself is an enormously complex matter. Many factors influence the decision whether to apply a T-rule or a basic rule (Phrase structure rule, constituent structure rule) to a certain element. T-rules: not all of them are transformational by their very nature! Transformational: two criteria for "inherent" transformational rules: 1. Any rule that does not meet the conditions imposed by a constituent structure rule is transformational. I 265 2. Definition T-rule: is the one that in the symbol chain to the left of the replacement arrow contains at least one symbol that acts as a variable, which assumes as a value any one of the whole class of subchains that are dominated by this symbol in the P-marker. This P-marker belongs to the chain serving as a rule input. For example, all symbols (except V) are in this sense variables in the structural descriptions of the above passive transformation: SB: NP - Aux – V – NP V: on the other hand, is a constant: it is an end symbol that does not dominate any substring other than itself ("self-dominance" is therefore a formal requirement of the system). Transformation/Chomsky: the difference between constant and variable is fundamental for its definition._____________Explanation of symbols: Roman numerals indicate the source, arabic numerals indicate the page number. The corresponding books are indicated on the right hand side. ((s)…): Comment by the sender of the contribution. Translations: Dictionary of Arguments The note [Concept/Author], [Author1]Vs[Author2] or [Author]Vs[term] resp. "problem:"/"solution:", "old:"/"new:" and "thesis:" is an addition from the Dictionary of Arguments. If a German edition is specified, the page numbers refer to this edition. |
Chomsky I Noam Chomsky "Linguistics and Philosophy", in: Language and Philosophy, (Ed) Sidney Hook New York 1969 pp. 51-94 In Linguistik und Philosophie, G. Grewendorf/G. Meggle, Frankfurt/M. 1974/1995 Chomsky II Noam Chomsky "Some empirical assumptions in modern philosophy of language" in: Philosophy, Science, and Method, Essays in Honor of E. Nagel (Eds. S. Morgenbesser, P. Suppes and M- White) New York 1969, pp. 260-285 In Linguistik und Philosophie, G. Grewendorf/G. Meggle, Frankfurt/M. 1974/1995 Chomsky IV N. Chomsky Aspects of the Theory of Syntax, Cambridge/MA 1965 German Edition: Aspekte der Syntaxtheorie Frankfurt 1978 Chomsky V N. Chomsky Language and Mind Cambridge 2006 Ly II John Lyons Semantics Cambridge, MA 1977 Lyons I John Lyons Introduction to Theoretical Lingustics, Cambridge/MA 1968 German Edition: Einführung in die moderne Linguistik München 1995 |