Psychology Dictionary of Arguments

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Necessity, philosophy: different kinds of necessity are distinguished, differing in their strength. For example, physical, logical or metaphysical necessity. See also necessity de dicto, necessity de re.
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Annotation: The above characterizations of concepts are neither definitions nor exhausting presentations of problems related to them. Instead, they are intended to give a short introduction to the contributions below. – Lexicon of Arguments.

 
Author Concept Summary/Quotes Sources

David Wiggins on Necessity - Dictionary of Arguments

II 285
Necessity/QuineVsAristotle/QuineVsEssentialism: the essence not independent of our specification of the objects.
>Essentialism
, >Essence, >Necessity/Quine.
II 292
Wiggins: An Operator "it is necessary that ..." creates opaque contexts: E.g. to be taken for Jekyll is not the same as to be taken for Hyde, although Jekyll = Hyde.
>Opacity, >Beliefs, >Speaker intention.
Also rigid designators in contexts with "it is possible that .." are not interchangeable (and probably not even in "necessary...").
>Operators, >Rigidity.
II 301
Necessary/Wiggins: analog to inner/outer negation: Tradition: to blurr the difference after the first method:
E.g.
"necessarily Socrates is a human"
and
"Socrates is necessarily a human".
Wiggins pro second method -> Definition satisfaction for sentences with "necessary": Wiggins pro existence as necessary feature -> Existence generalization.
II 303
Necessary/de dicto/Wiggins: simply wrong: E.g.

necessarily (x)(x = Cicero)> (x is a human).

de dicto: is it true? If so, we get the wrong thing:

necessarily (Ez)(x)(x = z > (x is a human).

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Explanation of symbols: Roman numerals indicate the source, arabic numerals indicate the page number. The corresponding books are indicated on the right hand side. ((s)…): Comment by the sender of the contribution. Translations: Dictionary of Arguments
The note [Concept/Author], [Author1]Vs[Author2] or [Author]Vs[term] resp. "problem:"/"solution:", "old:"/"new:" and "thesis:" is an addition from the Dictionary of Arguments. If a German edition is specified, the page numbers refer to this edition.

Wiggins I
D. Wiggins
Essays on Identity and Substance Oxford 2016

Wiggins II
David Wiggins
"The De Re ’Must’: A Note on the Logical Form of Essentialist Claims"
In
Truth and Meaning, G. Evans/J. McDowell, Oxford 1976


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