Psychology Dictionary of Arguments

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H. Paul Grice: Paul Grice (1913 - 1988) was a British philosopher of language and mathemtaics. His most influential work is his theory of implicature, which describes how speakers and listeners communicate meaning beyond what is literally said. Grice's work has had a profound impact on the fields of linguistics, philosophy, and cognitive science. Major works are "Meaning" (1957), "Logic and Conversation" (1975), "Studies in the Way of Words" (1989). See also Implicature, Meaning (Intending), Conventions, Communication.
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Annotation: The above characterizations of concepts are neither definitions nor exhausting presentations of problems related to them. Instead, they are intended to give a short introduction to the contributions below. – Lexicon of Arguments.

 
Author Concept Summary/Quotes Sources

Stephen Schiffer on Grice - Dictionary of Arguments

Avramides I 114
Grice/Schiffer: (= intention-based approach) Grice is obliged to deny logical functions of meanings. - Instead: dependence on a (causal) fact (which is non-semantically specified).
>Intention-based semantics
, >Facts, >Situations, cf. >Situation semantics.
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Schiffer I 13
Grice/Schiffer: Problem: the meaning must not determine the content. - Because semantic vocabulary must be avoided - therefore VsRelation Theory.
The belief objects would have to be language independent.
>Relation theory, >Objects of belief.
I 241
Intention-based approach/Grice/Schiffer: works without Relation Theory and without compositional semantics. - Extrinsic explanation is about non-semantically describable facts of use.
SchifferVsGrice: his theory has not enough to say about the semantic properties of linguistic units.
I 242
Grice/Schiffer: (Grice 1957)(1): attempts to define semantic concepts of public language in terms of propositional attitudes (belief, wishing, wanting). With that nothing is assumed about the meaning itself.
Def speaker-meaning/Grice: (1957)(1) Is non-circular definable as a kind of behavior with the intention to trigger a belief or an action in someone else.
Def expression meaning/Grice: (1957)(1) that means the semantic features of expressions of natural language. - Is non-circular definable as certain types of correlations between characters and types of exercise of speaker-meaning. - Statement/extended: every act, that means something.
>Speaker intention, >Speaker meaning.
Schiffer: thus questions of meaning are reduced to questions about propositional attitudes.
I 243
A character string has to have a particular feature, so that the intention is detected.
>Intentions.
I 245
Grice/Schiffer: Problem: Falsifying evidence is not a meaning-problem. Common knowledge is necessary, but always to refute by counter-examples.
>Language community.
Solution: to define common knowledge by counterfactual conditions.
>Counterfactual conditional.
Problem: not even two people have common knowledge.
SchifferVsGrice: no one has set up a lot of reasonable conditions for speaker-meaning.
Problem: a person can satisfy the conditions of (S) when he merely says that A intended to cause it, that A believes that p ((S) = lies).
SchifferVsGrice: this approach is hyper-intellectual, presupposes too much intentions and expectations, that will never be divided. - The normal speaker knows too little to understand the expression-meaning by Grice.
>Utterance meaning.
I 247
E.g. I hope you believe me, but not on the basis of my intention. - A necessary condition to tell something is not a necessary condition to mean it as well.
>Meaning/Intending.

1. H. Paul Grice (1957). Meaning. Philosophical Review 66 (3):377-388

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Explanation of symbols: Roman numerals indicate the source, arabic numerals indicate the page number. The corresponding books are indicated on the right hand side. ((s)…): Comment by the sender of the contribution. Translations: Dictionary of Arguments
The note [Concept/Author], [Author1]Vs[Author2] or [Author]Vs[term] resp. "problem:"/"solution:", "old:"/"new:" and "thesis:" is an addition from the Dictionary of Arguments. If a German edition is specified, the page numbers refer to this edition.

Schi I
St. Schiffer
Remnants of Meaning Cambridge 1987

Avr I
A. Avramides
Meaning and Mind Boston 1989

Schi I
St. Schiffer
Remnants of Meaning Cambridge 1987


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