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Yuichi Shoda on Situations - Dictionary of Arguments

Corr I 473
Situations/Shoda/Smith: The “Personality Paradox”/Shoda/Smith: the consistent failure to find evidence for behavioural stability across situations (intra-individual variability) caused some to question the tenability of the basic concept of personality as a causal agent in behaviour (e.g., Shweder 1975)(1). This puzzling state of affairs–presumption of a stable dispositional structure, combined with little evidence for behavioural consistency–was dubbed the ‘personality paradox’ by Bem and Allen (1974)(2).
Resolving the personality paradox thus called for a conceptual model that could account not only for individual differences in the mean or ‘average’ levels of behaviour across situations that are the focus of trait conceptions, but also for the distinctive and unique ways that a person’s behaviour can change across situations. Such a model would necessarily incorporate both situational and dispositional factors, but in a manner that built upon the concept of triadic reciprocal causation that specifies bidirectional causal relations between person, environment and behaviour (Bandura 1986)(3).
>Causality/Deci
; >Causality/Developmental Psychology; >Causality/Evolutionary Psychology.
Corr I 474
Shoda: Idiographic analyses of (…) children’s responses provided evidence for stable and consistent situation-behaviour profiles across five different and well-defined classes of situations (e.g., teased by another child, praised by an adult, warned by an adult). The children differed not only in the total number of aggressive responses they made, but also in the situations in which the behaviours occurred, and their situation-behaviour profiles across different time periods were often highly consistent. (Shoda, Mischel and Wright (1994)(4)).
Stable behavioural signatures have also been observed in business (Ilies, Scott and Judge 2006)(5) and laboratory task situations (Borkenau, Riemann, Spinath and Angleitner 2006)(6).

1. Shweder, R. A. 1975. How relevant is an individual difference theory of personality?, Journal of Personality 43: 455–85
2. Bem, D. J. and Allen, A. 1974. On predicting some of the people some of the time: the search for cross-situational consistencies in behaviour, Psychological Review 81:506–20
3. Bandura, A. 1986. Social foundations of thought and action: a social cognitive theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall
4. Shoda, Y., Mischel, W. and Wright, J. C. 1994. Intra-individual stability in the organization and patterning of behaviour: incorporating psychological situations into the idio-graphic analysis of personality, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 67:674–87
5. Ilies, R., Scott, B. A. and Judge, T. A. 2006. The interactive effects of personal traits and experienced states on intraindividual patterns of citizenship behaviour, Academy of Management Journal 49: 561–75
6. Borkenau, P., Riemann, R., Spinath, F. M. and Angleitner, A. 2006. Genetic and environmental influences on person x situation profiles, Journal of Personality 74: 1451–80


Ronald E. Smith and Yuichi Shoda, “Personality as a cognitive-affective processing system“, in: Corr, Ph. J. & Matthews, G. (eds.) 2009. The Cambridge Handbook of Personality Psychology. New York: Cambridge University Press

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Explanation of symbols: Roman numerals indicate the source, arabic numerals indicate the page number. The corresponding books are indicated on the right hand side. ((s)…): Comment by the sender of the contribution. Translations: Dictionary of Arguments
The note [Concept/Author], [Author1]Vs[Author2] or [Author]Vs[term] resp. "problem:"/"solution:", "old:"/"new:" and "thesis:" is an addition from the Dictionary of Arguments. If a German edition is specified, the page numbers refer to this edition.
Shoda, Yuichi
Corr I
Philip J. Corr
Gerald Matthews
The Cambridge Handbook of Personality Psychology New York 2009

Corr II
Philip J. Corr (Ed.)
Personality and Individual Differences - Revisiting the classical studies Singapore, Washington DC, Melbourne 2018


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