Economics Dictionary of Arguments

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Terminology: This section explains special features of the language used by the individual authors.
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Annotation: The above characterizations of concepts are neither definitions nor exhausting presentations of problems related to them. Instead, they are intended to give a short introduction to the contributions below. – Lexicon of Arguments.

 
Author Concept Summary/Quotes Sources

John Lyons on Terminology - Dictionary of Arguments

I 66
Spelling/Lyons: /1/: Elements of the expression level
[t]: phonetic transcription (phonetic spelling)
I 84
Def Functional load/Linguistics/Lyons: For example, many words can be distinguished by the opposition of /p/ and /b/. Therefore, the contrast between these two elements has a high functional load.
If only a few words are distinguished by an opposition e.g. wreath and wreathe the functional load is low.
Position: depending on the position in the word, the functional load of a certain given contrast can be different. For example, two elements could often contrast at the beginning but rarely at the end of a word.
I 85
Importance: of contrast: also depends on whether the words themselves appear in the same context and can contrast or not.
Functional load = 0: For example, if A and B are two word classes with complementary distribution and each element of class A differs in its realization from an element of B only in that it has /a/ where the corresponding word of class B has /b/, then the functional load of the contrast between /a/ and /b/ is = 0.
Functional load: must therefore be calculated for words that have the same or overlapping distribution. Furthermore, not only the grammar (distribution) must be taken into account, but also the quantity of the actual statements made.
Importance: of a contrast: also depends on the absolute frequency of occurrence. This shows how difficult it is to accurately measure the functional load.
I 86
However, it should have an importance for us both in synchronic and in diachronic description.
I 92
Principle of least effort/information/linguistics/Lyons: = tendency to maximize the performance of the system so that the syntagmatic length of words and expressions approaches the theoretical ideal. (>Shortening the chains).
On the other hand: Principle 2:
Principle: the desire to be understood counteracts the shortening tendency.
I 93
"Homeostatic balance": should prevail between these two principles. (Zipf's law).
I 142
Def Generative/Linguistics/Grammar/Lyons: any linguistic description that can describe actual utterances as elements of a larger class of potential utterances is called generative.
I 235
Def Endocentric/Grammar/Lyons: a construction is endocentric if its distribution (distribution, occurrence in possible contexts) is identical to that of one or more of its constituents, otherwise exocentric.
Def Exocentric: a construction is exocentric if its distribution (distribution, occurrence in possible contexts) is different from that of its constituents.
Endocentric: Example "poor John" has the same distribution as his constituent John. ((s) if that John is meant! Vs(s): it's not about that, but simply about John standing grammatically in the same place as poor John ("poor" is irrelevant).
For each sentence in which John appears, a sentence can be found in which poor John is in the same position.
Exocentric: Example "in Vancouver": does not have the same distribution as its constituents "in" and "Vancouver".
Distribution: is equal in the case of e.g. wage and poor John.
Distribution: is different in the case of e.g. "in Vancouver" and "Vancouver". The distribution of "in Vancouver" corresponds approximately to that of "there". This corresponds to the traditional expression of function.
I 236
Nesting/Grammar/Linguistics/Lyons: (concerns endocentric constructions (see Terminology/Lyons).
a) Coordinating endocentric construction: e.g. bread and cheese, e.g. coffee or tea.
b) Subordinating endocentric construction: (the constituents still have the same distribution) e.g. poor Hans, e.g. very clever, e.g. the girl one floor higher, e.g. the man in the bus.
Def Carrier element/carrier/head/subordinating construction/terminology/Lyons: is the constituent whose distribution is the same as that of the entire construction (i.e. endocentric).
I 237
Def Determination element/modifier/subordinating construction/Lyons: is the constituent whose distribution is not identical to that of the whole construction Example(s) "poorer" in "poor Hans".
Nesting/Lyons: the determining element (modifier) can be repeatedly nested in subordinating constructions, for example the man on the roof of the bus:
Carrier: Man
Determination element: on the roof of the bus (exocentric adverbial expression with preposition on and nominal expression the roof of the bus)
Roof of the bus: endocentric,
Carrier: the roof
Destination element: "of the bus".
Endocentric/exocentric/Lyons: goes back to Bloomfield.
I 244
Def Regimen/Grammar/Lyons: (in contrast to congruence): the verb "reigns" the case of the object, Latin: here the preposition also reigns over certain case-dependent nouns, pronouns or nominal expressions. Example ad urbem, ab urbe.
Regimen: between words of different categories.
Congruence: between words of the same category.
I 270
Def Clause/Terminology/Linguistics/Lyons: Subset
Def Phrase/Terminology/Linguistics/Lyons: word complex.


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Explanation of symbols: Roman numerals indicate the source, arabic numerals indicate the page number. The corresponding books are indicated on the right hand side. ((s)…): Comment by the sender of the contribution. Translations: Dictionary of Arguments
The note [Concept/Author], [Author1]Vs[Author2] or [Author]Vs[term] resp. "problem:"/"solution:", "old:"/"new:" and "thesis:" is an addition from the Dictionary of Arguments. If a German edition is specified, the page numbers refer to this edition.

Ly II
John Lyons
Semantics Cambridge, MA 1977

Lyons I
John Lyons
Introduction to Theoretical Lingustics, Cambridge/MA 1968
German Edition:
Einführung in die moderne Linguistik München 1995


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