Economics Dictionary of ArgumentsHome
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| Citizenship: Citizenship is the legal status of an individual as a recognized member of a particular nation or country. It confers certain rights and obligations, such as the right to vote, hold public office, and access public services, while also imposing responsibilities such as paying taxes and obeying the law. See also State (Polity), Citizens, Bourgois/Citoyen, Law, Rights, Political elections, Electoral systems, Taxation._____________Annotation: The above characterizations of concepts are neither definitions nor exhausting presentations of problems related to them. Instead, they are intended to give a short introduction to the contributions below. – Lexicon of Arguments. | |||
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Welfare Economics on Citizenship - Dictionary of Arguments
Gaus I 216 Citizenship/Welfare economics/Moon: Because concepts of positive rights and equal opportunity are not well defined outside of specific social contexts, they are often combined with arguments appealing to ideals of citizenship and social solidarity. The basic argument is that the welfare state should guarantee the inclusion of all citizens as full members of a democratic society, which requires that an extensive range of social rights be provided. The reasoning is fairly straightforward: just as citizens must have civil and political rights, they must be guaranteed certain social rights if they are to be full members of a society, and specifically if they are to participate in democratic politics. The key premise in this argument is that citizenship must be universal. All who are capable of intentional or responsible action must be full citizens. The only legitimate basis for exclusion is incapacity for responsible action. T. H. Marshall: T. H. Marshall (1977)(1) offers a classical account of the welfare state as the necessary result of the universal extension of citizenship. He traces the emergence of universal citizenship by observing three successive phases, the first involving the general extension of civil rights, the second the universalization of the suffrage, and the third the growth of the welfare state and the creation of the 'social rights of citizenship'. * Individualism: There are a number of variants of this argument, but a common theme is a deep suspicion of the market and at least certain forms of individualism. Efficiency/solidarity: Whereas arguments from efficiency take the market as a baseline, and justify social policies on the ground that they can correct market failures, arguments from solidarity begin with something close to the opposite assumption - projecting an ideal in which all activities are organized through collective associations, in which individuals are oriented principally towards common needs and aspirations. Social order: Richard Titmuss (1972)(2) extols the 'gift relationship', and David Harris (1987)(3) speaks of the family as a model for social life. More concretely, Claus Offe (1984)(4) and Gosta Esping-Andersen (1985)(5) once expressed the hope that the growth of collective consumption and other forms of decommodification will eventually displace capitalism, leading to a socialist order of society. >Society/David Harris. * Like so much of social science, Marshall's account is blind to issues of gender, as he depicts these phases as a historical succession, the completion or virtual completion of one laying the basis for the realization of the next. His stages describe the gradual extension of the rights associated with citizenship for men, but they ignore the experience of women (and, I might add, other non-class-based exclusions), who often were able to claim various welfare rights (e.g. widows' pensions) before they were entitled to political or even full civil rights. 1. Marshall, T. H. (1977 119501) 'Citizenship and social class'. In his Class, Citizenship, and Social Development. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 2. Titmuss, Richard (1972) The Gift Relationship: From Human Blood to Social Policy. New York: Random House. 3. Harris, David (1987) Justifying State Welfare. Oxford: Blackwell. 4. Offe, Claus (1984) Contradictions of the Welfare State. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. 5. Esping-Andersen, Gosta (1985) Politics against Markets. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. Moon, J. Donald 2004. „The Political Theory of the Welfare State“. In: Gaus, Gerald F. & Kukathas, Chandran 2004. Handbook of Political Theory. SAGE Publications_____________Explanation of symbols: Roman numerals indicate the source, arabic numerals indicate the page number. The corresponding books are indicated on the right hand side. ((s)…): Comment by the sender of the contribution. Translations: Dictionary of Arguments The note [Concept/Author], [Author1]Vs[Author2] or [Author]Vs[term] resp. "problem:"/"solution:", "old:"/"new:" and "thesis:" is an addition from the Dictionary of Arguments. If a German edition is specified, the page numbers refer to this edition. |
Welfare Economics Gaus I Gerald F. Gaus Chandran Kukathas Handbook of Political Theory London 2004 |
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