I 117
Animal/Information/Deception/Dawkins: can animals lie, i.e. deliberately give false information?
Gardner, B.T. und R.A.: Thesis
(1): chimpanzees can deceive and lie.
I 118
DawkinsVs: Instead, I speak of an effect that functionally corresponds to deception.
E.g. A bird emits a warning call to secure food for himself alone. We should only say that he got food at the expense of the others.
I 119
Deception/Genes/Dawkins: Since we grew up with the idea that evolution served the "well-being of the species", we naturally assume that liars and deceived each belong to different species.
But instead we must even expect children to deceive their parents, wives to deceive their husbands, and brothers lying to each other.
I 443
Animal/Psychology/Nicholas Humphrey: Thesis: Socially living beings must develop a psychology.
I 165
Relativity Selection/Dawkins: to determine the degree of relationship actuarial weightings can be used as a basis. How much of my wealth would I invest in the life of another individual.
I 166
An animal can behave as if it had done this calculation. E.g. just as a human catches a ball as if he had solved a series of differential equations.
I 179
Animal/Knowledge/Behavior/Dawkins: the average values a researcher determined for the behavior of a group of lions were in a certain way also at the disposal of the lions themselves! Form of Thought.
Estimates of the degree of relationship by an animal and a zoologist may be roughly amount to the same.
If this has been going on for generations, the selection may have favored a degree of altruism that corresponds to the average degree of relationship in a pack.
1. Gardner, B.T. und R.A, (1971). Two-Way Communication With an Infant Chimpanzee. In: Schrier, A.M., Stollnitz, F. (eds.) Behavior of Non-Human Primates, Vol. 4 New York: Academic Press. pp. 117-184.