Horwich I 4
Truth/Russell: There are objective truths as objects of judgments, but not objective falsehoods
a) false: Judgment as relation to a simple object: E.g. that Charles I died on the scaffold - does not work in the case of false judgments.
b) for a complex: (Russell pro):
Horwich I 9
Truth: exists if the objects have the relation to each other which is claimed in the judgment.
>
Complex, >
Judgment.
Horwich I 11
The fact that a judgment is made does not alter the objects - this is how falsehood becomes possible.
(1)
((s) explanation: Thus, one can also explain the separation of metalanguage and object language: if there were only object language and judgments were made in the object language, they would change the judged facts. Then no predictions would be possible either.)
>
Object language, >
Metalanguage, >
Prediction.
1. B. Russell, "On the Nature of Truth and Falsehood", in: Philosophical Essays, New York 1996, pp. 170-185 - reprinted in: Paul Horwich (Ed.) Theories of Truth, Aldershot 1994
- - -
Russell VII 64
Truth/Russell: can only exist if there are also opinions - but it does not depend on the opinions.
IV 127
RussellVsHegel: a truth about a thing is not part of the thing itself, although it has to belong to his "essence". - If the nature of a thing should be all truths, then we cannot recognize the "essence" before we know all its relations with all other things in the universe. - But if we use the word "essence" in this sense, we have to assert that a thing can be recognized, even if its "essence" is unknown - or incompletely known.
Contradiction: this confuses knowledge of things and knowledge of truth - acquaintance does not imply knowledge of the essence. (>
Naturalistic fallacy).
Therefore we cannot prove that the universe is a harmonious whole.
- - -
Tugendhat III 214
Truth/Russell: early: a matter of belief and this one reaction dispo to react near B with "B".
Cf. >
Stimulus meaning/Quine, >
Reliable reactions/Brandom.
TugendhatVsRussell: neither reaction nor triggering signs are true/false. This is because there is no assumption that something is this way or that. Therefore no mistake is possible.
