Correction: (max 500 charact.)
The complaint will not be published.
X 25ff
Underdetermination/Empiricism/Quine: also through unmonitored data.
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Lauener XI 119
Underdetermination/Identity of theories/Quine/Lauener: theories: can be logically incompatible and empirically equivalent. - E.g. interchanging -electron/molecule-: makes true sentences false.
Since the change is purely terminological, you can say that both versions express the same theory. - So they are empirically equivalent - however, the predicates can be reconstructed in a way that the theories also become logically equivalent.
E.g. empirically equivalent:
Theory a) space infinite
Theory b) finite, objects shrink with distance from the center.
Again, the predicates can be rephrased in such a way that the theories are logically equivalent. Underdetermination: In order to prove them, it would have to have an influence on the empirical content.
Quine: it is almost impossible to find an example.
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Lauener XI 120
Underdetermination/Quine/Lauener: there are rivals to every infinite theory that are equivalent empirically, but not logically, and that cannot be made logically equivalent by reconstructing the predicates.
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Stroud I 217
Underdetermination/Theory/Theoretical terms/Entities/Quine/Stroud: the truths that the scientist introduces e.g. about molecules are not sufficiently determined by all the truths that he knows or can ever know about the normal objects. - (s) There could be several possible theories which imply the same set of truths about the normal objects, but differ in terms of the theoretical ones. - theoretical entities do not follow from the truths about normal things.
Quine/Stroud: for him, normal objects are also just hypotheses. - This is how all theories go beyond data. - Underdetermination: also remains, if we included all past and future nervous stimuli of all people.
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I 234
Problem: even true sentences go beyond the data, are projections - therefore they cannot be known.
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Theories ; cf. >
Indeterminacy , >
Inscrutability .