Lexicon of Arguments

 

I 116
Syntax: replacing salva congruitate: the word chain remains correct when it is replaced.
QuineVs: Replacing changes syntax: e.g. Copernicus was a complete idiot, if and only if the earth is adisk. - different ranges:
a) Copernicus with predicate + sentence
b) complex predicate.
Then there is no ambiguous word chain, but different analyzes are possible. Ambiguity: "An astronomer is a great idiot iff the earth is flat" can be seen as an operator (like negation). Different brackets are possible.
Syntax/Quine/Geach: Quine's
1st Syntactic insight: spurious names: these are a problem of range - for real names the problem does not exist.
>Names/Quine, >Range/Quine, >Improper names.
GeachVsQuine: he, himself blurs the distinction by regarding names as abbreviations of certain descriptions.
>Descriptions/Quine.
I 120
3rd Syntactic insight of Quine: E.g. "lx (2x² + 3x³)".
This function of a number: twice its square plus three times its third power - such complex descriptions can be eliminated by usage definition. (Russell):> Relative-clause.
I 126
4th Syntactic insight of Quine: Introducing a predicate by a schema letter F.
>Schematic letters/Quine.
Problem: E.g.: "Every sentence or its opposite is true" must not become "(Every sentence is true) or (Every sentence is not true)".
Solution: "F() is then -__ or __s opposite is true".
Geach: sub-clauses (relative-clauses) and pronouns are not mere substitutes. - This is even a mistake in modern logic books.
>Clauses, >Substitution, >Proxy.