Lexicon of Arguments

Philosophical and Scientific Issues in Dispute
 
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Theses I
Theses II

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VI 395
Theory of Reference/PutnamVsMetaphysical Realism: the theory of reference might refute that (but not a theory of meaning).
>Metaphysical realism, >Meaning theory.
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III 52f
Counterfactual Conditional/reference/representation/Fodor: thesis: the actual nature of reference is explained by means of counterfactual conditionals.
>Counterfactual conditional.
Asymmetric dependence: cat token expressions are triggered by cats, but also by many other things.
III 54
Reference comes into being by causal attachment to the world, i.e. also through images and mockups. If does not come about by cats, then it does not come about by pictures of cats.
III 56
Then (counterfactual) law: pictures of cats trigger "cat". N.B.: this is ultimately dependent on real cats.
III 57
Fodor: if pictures do not work as a trigger, then cats also do not work as a trigger (PutnamVs).
III 61
Reference/Hermeneutics: there cannot be necessary and sufficient conditions for the reference of a word to individual x (FodorVs). That leads to meaning-holism, which in turn is followed by a meaning-nihilism.
>Meaning holism, >Semantic holism.
III 64
PutnamVs: e.g. witch, perhaps analytically female, nonetheless there are no necessary and sufficient conditions for "witch". A witch-law would be wrong because of non-existence, because there is no world with witches. However, appropriate counterfactual conditionals could be true. N.B.: their truth is not explained by the law (Armstrong: anyway vice versa).
III 65
PutnamVsFodor: for correct asymmetric dependence (the word through the trigger) this counterfactual conditional has to be wrong: if conmen cannot trigger any statement, then soldiers cannot either.
III 69
Reference/PutnamVsFodor: previous speech behavior of previous generations is a contributing cause.
Otherwise "backward law": false: if cats do not trigger, then there is also no previous behavior. But this is correct vice versa (but only if the cause is interpreted as a causal factor). FodorVs: its causality underlies the colloquial cause-term (direct response? behaviouristic?). PutnamVs: that is interest-relative.
III 78
Reference/PutnamVsFodor: reference cannot reduce them with the help of the terms "law", "counterfactual conditionals" or "causality".
III 133
Reference/Fodor: according to Quine's criticism of the inscrutability of reference, one speaks of individual sciences or everyday language causality.
>Inscrutability of reference.
III 140
Refernce: the fundamental physics, cannot explain the possibility of referring to something or the assertion of something. Fundamental physics cannot even do it when it comes to their own territory.
III 208
Reference: from the fact that some words do not refer without causal link it does not follow that reference itself would be causal. It is only subject to causal restrictions.
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V 75
Reference: thesis: input is shaped by concepts. There are no inputs that allow only a single description that would be independent of all conceptual decisions.
V 79
Reference/externalism: (external, divine position): problem: what actually is reference. Reference cannot be causal because "alien" always refers to aliens.
>Externalism.
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I (a) 34
Reference: if reference is fixed, you can come up with any theories on the subject.
I (a) 35
Physical broadband concepts such as size and cause allow also to formulate failed descriptions. Kripke: then names are usable without having true beliefs about the referent.
I (b) 65
Reference: in logic: reference is that what corresponds to the description. Field: Field has shown that this does not fulfill the task.
I (a) 67ff
Primitive Reference/Putnam: e.g. creatures that can distinguish 17 properties and number them: "Pee-sevunteen-this" (sic): these are, in fact, feelings of the beings themselves. This amounts to the causal theory of reference. When it is expanded to absent, past or future objects this is not necessary and sufficient conditions are introduced.
I (b) 69
Semantic rise: one day the mass introduces the concept of a reference: "Uk-ook reefur-this" (sic). That would not be our reference, otherwise paradoxes arise. It only becomes a correct language with quantifiers. N.B.: with quantifiers the causal connection between X and the reference to X is dissolved.
I (b) 70
Field: Tarski has shown how reference to primitive reference (show plus noise) can be traced back. +> Gricean intention: Grice/Avramides, > Intentions.
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Rorty I 312
(According to Rorty):
Putnam: a "causal" theory of reference cannot help: because the question of how the term "cause" can clearly relate to something is just as mysterious as the question, how the term "cat" has done this.
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Rorty IV 20 ff
Rorty: Relation/Putnam: early: only the causal theory of reference (not the intentional one) can save us from relativism.
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Rorty VI 123
Rorty: causal theory of reference: PutnamVsKripke, also self-criticism on earlier writings: the description of the causal relationships between a something and other things is nothing more than the description of characteristics that neither in a greater nor lesser extent stand in an "intrinsic" or "extrinsic" relationship. So also the feature "to be described by a human being".
PutnamVsSearle: VsDifferentiation "intrinsic"/"relational".

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