Avramides I 114
Grice/Schiffer: (= intention-based approach) Grice is obliged to deny logical functions of meanings. - Instead: dependence on a (causal) fact (which is non-semantically specified).
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Intention-based semantics, >
Facts, >
Situations, cf. >
Situation semantics.
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Schiffer I 13
Grice/Schiffer: Problem: the meaning must not determine the content. - Because semantic vocabulary must be avoided - therefore VsRelation Theory.
The belief objects would have to be language independent.
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Relation theory, >
Objects of belief.
I 241
Intention-based approach/Grice/Schiffer: works without Relation Theory and without compositional semantics. - Extrinsic explanation is about non-semantically describable facts of use.
SchifferVsGrice: his theory has not enough to say about the semantic properties of linguistic units.
I 242
Grice/Schiffer: (Grice 1957)
(1): attempts to define semantic concepts of public language in terms of propositional attitudes (belief, wishing, wanting). With that nothing is assumed about the meaning itself.
Def speaker-meaning/Grice: (1957)
(1) Is non-circular definable as a kind of behavior with the intention to trigger a belief or an action in someone else.
Def expression meaning/Grice: (1957)
(1) that means the semantic features of expressions of natural language. - Is non-circular definable as certain types of correlations between characters and types of exercise of speaker-meaning. - Statement/extended: every act, that means something.
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Speaker intention, >
Speaker meaning.
Schiffer: thus questions of meaning are reduced to questions about propositional attitudes.
I 243
A character string has to have a particular feature, so that the intention is detected.
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Intentions.
I 245
Grice/Schiffer: Problem: Falsifying evidence is not a meaning-problem. Common knowledge is necessary, but always to refute by counter-examples.
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Language community.
Solution: to define common knowledge by counterfactual conditions.
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Counterfactual conditional.
Problem: not even two people have common knowledge.
SchifferVsGrice: no one has set up a lot of reasonable conditions for speaker-meaning.
Problem: a person can satisfy the conditions of (S) when he merely says that A intended to cause it, that A believes that p ((S) = lies).
SchifferVsGrice: this approach is hyper-intellectual, presupposes too much intentions and expectations, that will never be divided. - The normal speaker knows too little to understand the expression-meaning by Grice.
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Utterance meaning.
I 247
E.g. I hope you believe me, but not on the basis of my intention. - A necessary condition to tell something is not a necessary condition to mean it as well.
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Meaning/Intending.
1. H. Paul Grice (1957). Meaning. Philosophical Review 66 (3):377-388