@misc{Lexicon of Arguments,
title = {Quotation from: Lexicon of Arguments – Concepts - Ed. Martin Schulz, 29 Mar 2024},
author = {Lyons,John},
subject = {Sentences},
note = {I 53
Utterance/Linguistics/Lyons: unequal sentence: the actual utterances cannot be completely described by a previous description of the possible sentences of a language.
>Utterances/Lyons, >Utterances, cf. >Speaking, >Language use.
Sentence/expression: the distinction between sentence and utterance is fundamental to modern linguistics. But we can first develop some basic concepts without them.
I 54
In the next three chapters, "sentence" and "utterance" will still be used synonymously. Later:
Sentence: Unit of langue
Utterance: Manifestation of the parole.
>Langue, >Parole/Saussure.
I 176
Def derived sentence/Lyons: e.g. sentences with index words: Example "He will be here soon". There are distributional restrictions here ((s) because there must be an anaphoric chain).
>Distribution, >Pronouns, >Indexicality, >Index Words.
I 177
Incomplete sentence/Lyons: today: it is pointed out that incomplete statements are usually completely understandable and should therefore not be called "incomplete".
Cf. >Propositional functions, >Subsententials.
I 178
Completeness/Linguistics/Lyons: one must distinguish between contextual and grammatical completeness.
Incomplete in context: Example "With Peters, if he arrives on time": before: "Which car do we use?".
Grammatically incomplete: Example "Got the tickets?": Here it doesn't matter what tickets these are.
I 179
Sentence/Lyons: distributional relationships often overlap the boundaries of utterance segments, which are normally regarded as separate sentences. But this is not a contradiction if we assume two meanings of "sentence":
a) Sentence as a grammatical unit: is an abstract whole. In this sense, statements never consist of sentences.
b) utterance segments as a sentence: e.g. "How are you? It's a fine day. Are you going to play tennis this afternoon?"
>sentences/Bloomfield.
Sentence/Lyons: Thesis: We should limit the term sentence to the more abstract sense, then sentences are units of langue, and utterances are units of parole.
>parole/Saussure.
I 183
Sentence/Phonology/Lyons: a sentence can be explained phonologically by speech melody (intonation) and pause in speech, respectively these are its phonological criteria.
>Speaking.},
note = { Ly II John Lyons Semantics Cambridge, MA 1977 Lyons I John Lyons Introduction to Theoretical Lingustics, Cambridge/MA 1968 German Edition: Einführung in die moderne Linguistik München 1995
},
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url = {http://philosophy-science-humanities-controversies.com/listview-details.php?id=905709}
}